Planning Machine

It is used to perform almost the same operations as are done on a shaper but jobs of comparatively larger size are machined on the planner. 

Grinding Machine

Grinding machine is used to finish the work pieces. Like other machining processes, grinding is also a process of removing metal, but during grinding process comparatively very small volume of metal is removed to bring the work piece to good finishing size. 

Milling Machine

A machine tools which is used for producing flat or profiled surface, grooves or slots with the help of revolving multiple tooth cutter is known as milling machine. Milling machine occupies a place opposite to lathe.

Shaper Machine

Shaper is a versatile machine which is primarily intended for producing flat surfaces. These surfaces may be horizontal, vertical or inclined. This machine involves the use of single point cutting tool held in a properly designed tool box mounted on a reciprocating ram.

Lathe Machine

A lathe is a powered mechanical device in which the work is held and rotated against a suitable cutting tool for producing cylindrical forms in the metal, wood or any other suitable machinable material.

Machine Shop

The shop where most of the work is performed on different machines is called machine shop. In Machine shop, the raw material is cut, machined, formed or shaped with the help of machines. Different machines used in machine shop are:

1. Lathe machine
2. Shaper
3. Milling machine
4. Planning machine
5. Drilling machine
6. Grinding machine
7. Threading machine

Sheet Metal Operations

Sheet metal machines and joints

SHEET METAL WORKING MACHINES

For production and heavier works, machines are used to carry out different sheet metal operations. Some commonly used machines in sheet metal shop are:

Tools used in sheet metal

Sheet Metal Shop

Cores and Furnaces

Qualities, quantities & types of Molding sand

Molding & Casting Processes

Type of Patterns & constructions

Pattern Making and Allowances

Pattern is an mirror image of the casting, when it is used with suitable moulding material it forms a cavity called as mould. 
When this cavity is filled by molten metal and after solidification we get the desired casting. 

Foundry Shop and tools

The place where jobs are prepared by melting and pouring the molten metal into moulds is known as foundry. 

Forging operations and processes

Forging tools & Equipment

Forging (Smithy) Shop

The process of giving a desired shape to metal piece by heating and hammering is known as forging. The metal piece is heated up to a desired temperature known as forging temperature. 

Electric Arc Welding

The welding in which the electric arc is produced to give heat for the purpose of joining two surfaces is called Electric arc welding.

Gas Arc welding

Gas welding is the process in which a gas flame is used to raise the temperature of the metal to be joined. The metals are heated up to melting. The metal flows and on cooling it solidifies. A filler metal may be added to the flowing molten metal to fill up cavity made during the end preparation. Many combination of gases are used in Gas welding. But most common of these in oxygen and acetylene.

Soldering & Brazing

Welding Techniques

Forge welding: 

This welding is done by the black-smiths. In this two similar metal pieces are heated upto the plastic stage in the furnace. Then it is hammered so that a homogenous mixture is formed at the joint. The surface to be joined should be cleaned and made free from any foreign particle this is done by brushing.

Welding Shop

Welding is a process of joining two materials with the help of heat or pressure or by some other means. The cost of welding is very less as compared to other processes and forms a strong joint. 

Fitting bench Processes

Fitting tools

Fitting Shop

Fitting work is a very important work in engineering. In fitting shop unwanted material is removed with the help of hand tools. It is done for mating, repair and manufacturing purposes. The person working in the fitting shop is called a fitter. A fitter should have the complete knowledge of the tools used in the shop. Commonly used tools are hacksaw, files, chisels etc.

Wood working Machines

In modern workshops, wood working machines are used instead of hand tools. Machines have following advantages over the hand tools:
1. More production.
2. Less fatigue to workers.
3. Saving in time.
4. More accuracy.

Wood working Processes

Carpentry tools

Growth, Structure & Preservation

Defects in wood

The common defects occurring in the wood and it can be divided as:
1. Defects which are caused in the tree due to abnormality in the growth.
2. Defects are also caused during seasoning operation.
3. Some defects are also there due to termites or insects.

Seasoning of wood

The process of removing moisture from freshly cut down trees is known as seasoning. 

Carpentry Shop

I/O File Handling in C++ (OOPs)

A File is a bunch of bytes stored on some storage device like magnetic disk or tape etc. Most of the application programs process large volume of data which is permanently stored in files. We can write programs that can read data from file(s) and write data to file(s). 

Polymorphism in C++ (OOPs)

Polymorphism is made from two words POLY+MORPHISM which means more the one form. In C++ polymorphism is implemented by overloading a function or an operator. In Function Overloading a single function name is used to perform different tasks. 

Inheritance in C++ (OOPs)

It is the process by which objects of one class acquire the properties of objects of another class. The old class is referred as Base CLASS and the class that inherits the Base Class if Derived CLASS. 

Constructors & Destructors in C++ (OOPs)

In C++, a class only creates a data type and the objects of a class are created and initialized as separate. A constructor (having the same name as that of a CLASS) is a member function which is automatically used to initialize the objects of the CLASS type with legal initial values.

Friend Function in C++ (OOPs)

A Friend Function is a non-member function that can access private data’s. A friend CLASS is a class whose member functions can access another class i.e. private and protected classes. 

Classes & Objects in C++ (OOPs)

“C with classes” was the original name given by the originator Stroustrup initially, which now days is popular known form as C++ or OOPs (Object Oriented Programming). Classes and objects are the most important feature of C++. The Class implements OOPs features and ties then together. We have already seen that a structure groups different types of elements and a function organizes the program actions to perform the desired task.

Manipulators in C++ (OOPs)

Some standard manipulators are used in C++ (OOPs) which are stored under header file iomanip.h. Under this it has capabilities to show inter-conversions like binary, decimal, hex-decimal, set the precision for more accurate answer and various other functions like you can see in the programs.

Structures in C++ (OOPs)

Structure is the user defined data type which can store heterogeneous data i.e. data of different types. It means in structure member with all possible data type can be used and there is no restriction that elements of the structure are stored at adjacent memory locations. Structure is declared with key word struct followed by its name and then by block. 

Pointers in C++ (OOPs)

Pointer is that variable which stores the memory address of another variable. It means pointer is itself a variable which stores hex-decimal address of the location.

Strings in C++ (OOPs)

Arrays in C++ (OOPs)

Array is an arrangement of same type of data at adjacent memory locations. Array is useful whenever large volume of data is to be processed and stored in the memory.

Suppose an average marks are to be calculated from all the students in the school. This is difficult to find the sum of marks of all students. In this situation an array is the best alternative. Its divided in two categories:

1. Single / 1-D Array
2. Multi-dimension Array

Loop Control- Nested for in C++ (OOPs)

/* Program to enter order of the matrix and print stars*/

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
main()
{
       int m,n,i,j;
       cout<<"\n Enter order of Matrix m*n";
       cin>>m>>n;
       cout<<"\n";
       for(i=0;i<m;i++)
       {
                       for(j=0;j<n;j++)
                       {
                                       cout<<" *";
                                       }
                       cout<<"\n";
                                       }
       getch();
       }

Loop Control- for loop in C++ (OOPs)

“for” loop is also structure control loop as program will run or execute if the initial condition is true otherwise it will terminate and program will run until some condition is fulfilled.

FORMAT:
for(expression1;expression2;expression3)
{
Statement1;
Statement2;
}

Switch Statement in C++ (OOPs)

This statement is also used for decision making. Here key word is switch followed by control variable and followed by it’s block.
In the block of switch statement multiple cases are used and each ends with break statement this is also called as early exit loop.
Out of all the cases only that case will run whose value matches with the control variable.

Loop Control- While & Do-while in C++ (OOPs)

These are used for repeating some portion of the program either by specified number of times or until a particular condition is true.
1. while statement
2. do while statement
3. for loop

Decision Making- Nested If else in C++ (OOPs)

This statement can be used to select any one statement or a block which contains a set of instructions. Only that statement will execute which is true according to the data entered and rest other conditions will not executed.